Tight Orientable Surfaces:

The orientable surfaces are the sphere, and tori with any number of handles. Since a torus is a sphere with a handle, every orientable surface can be described as a sphere with some number of handles.

It is easy to find a tight sphere: the standard round sphere will do (in fact, any convex surface is a tight sphere; tightness is a generalization of convexity). A polyhedral example is the cube.

Given a tight surface, it is always possible to add a handle to the surface without losing tightness. Kuiper gave the following two-handled torus as an example of how to do this:

For the polyhedral case, we can describe this process in more detail. Take any two faces that are not co-planar, remove a triangle from the center of each (below, left), then add a triangular tube between these two holes (right).

The resulting surface is still immersed (since the stars of the new vertices are embedded [More]) and tight (since the new vertices are not extreme vertices and the new handle does not change the convex envelope of the surface [More]).

Starting with a sphere (a cube, for example), and adding handles in this way, we can obtain a tight immersion for a torus of any genus, either smooth or polyhedral, so every orientable surface has a tight immersion.


[Right] Non-orientable tight surfaces
[Up] Kuiper's initial question

[TOC] [Index] [Glossary] [Mail] [Help]


7/20/94 dpvc@geom.umn.edu -- The Geometry Center